精益制造-拉动系统

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关键问题

以下关键问题在这个模块中得到了回答:

推送系统的定义是什么?
推动系统根据前几个月的预测预测产生生产需求。在推动系统下，由于库存已经与预测订单挂钩，因此需要更长的时间来对需求变化做出反应。

拉式系统的定义是什么?
一个基于拉动的生产和分销系统是由需求驱动的，而不是依赖于预测。拉式系统基本上限制了在给定时间内系统中可能存在的在制品(WIP)的数量。补货或生产是根据实际收到的客户订单来确定的。

拉动式系统有哪些特点?
拉式系统是一种面向控制的系统;它通过接收需要更多成果的信号来运作;它限制了在制品的数量;它有助于把大任务分解成小任务;它有助于优先考虑任务;它有助于管理瓶颈，从而维护流程;它还有助于减少浪费(如生产过剩、库存过剩和超载)。

拉式系统在制造环境中成功的必要因素是什么?
拉动系统在制造环境中取得成功所需的重要元素包括：小批量生产;通过起步来满足计算的takt时间;补充时使用Kanban信号;并管理调整。

一个良好实施的拉式系统有哪些好处?
一个实施良好的拉动系统将允许资源被用于生产商品，这些商品将立即出售并产生利润。生产的数量刚好能满足当前的需求。由于在生产过程的任何阶段都没有出现生产过剩，因此公司内部的浪费总体上减少了。此外，它还降低了存储多余库存的成本，并释放了工作场所的空间。减少资源浪费可以提高生产力，提高流程效率，及时交付工作。

样例视频记录

以下是本模块提供的视频样本的文本:

精益生产是指在系统或过程中减少或消除浪费。可以肯定地说，精益企业只生产足够的产品来满足真正的客户需求，因此没有成品库存。一个基于拉动的生产和分销系统是由需求驱动的，而不是依赖于预测。拉式系统基本上限制了在给定时间内系统中可能存在的在制品(WIP)的数量。补货或生产是根据实际收到的客户订单来确定的。那种产品的销售问题已经谈妥了。拉动式环境将来自于真正的需求和产品只满足真正的订单。只有在有需求的情况下，工作项才能处于过程中。这种环境可以在组织的任何级别上找到或设置。我们可以在生产车间以及部门之间的信息流动中可视化它。 A pull system is a control-oriented system that operates by receiving signals that more production is needed. There are two different types of pull systems: sequential and replenishment. Sequential pull is where the downstream personnel pulls parts from the upstream supplying process in the sequence in which the prior step produces it. Sequential pull limits the amount of inventory between the two steps of a process. The ideal output is “one-piece flow.” When we refer to “one-piece flow,” we mean that subassemblies are moved from step to step, one piece at a time, or a small batch at a time, minimizing work-in-process inventory. Replenishment pull is where the downstream personnel pull parts from a storage location according to what they need to complete their tasks. This is like how a supermarket works, so replenishment pull systems are also called supermarket systems. The parts removed from the storage location, or supermarket, are replenished by the supplying process. Lean uses a concept called Kanban, meaning “signal” in Japanese, to manage this type of pull system. Kanban uses cards to signal and communicate the need for more supplies. In the context of the flow of information, a pull system allows employees to pull their next task if they have the capacity to start working on it. This helps them to better prioritize tasks and prevents overloading, helping employees stay focused on executing the work. Let’s visualize a couple of examples that would represent manufacturing pull systems. When standing at a workstation along the production line, we notice that there is only one footprint for the subassembly, which can be placed between station 3 and station 4. This is limiting the amount of work-in-process that the operator at station 3 can produce. Upon removal of the subassembly by the operator at station 4, the empty footprint signals the operator at station 3 to replenish the subassembly. This controlled condition clearly represents a pull system in place.